宝鸡市街尘重金属元素含量、来源及形态特征

利用XRF和AAS研究了宝鸡市街尘中重金属元素的含量水平.结果表明,街尘中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr和Cd的平均含量分别是123.2、408.4、715.1、804.2、15.9、48.8、126.7和5.5μg.g-1,均高于世界、中国、陕西省土壤元素背景值,其中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd超标最为突出.利用...     

Y形通风采空区自燃与有害气体排放的数值模拟

基于非均质多孔介质漏风渗流方程、多相气体渗流-扩散方程和多孔介质渗流综合传热方程,建立了采空区瓦斯与自燃发火耦合数值模型,开发了用迎风格式有限元方法联立求解的计算机程序(简称G3).计算以图形方式给出各量的区域分布解,从理论上描绘了Y形通风采空区的漏风流态,动态描绘了瓦斯、氧和CO的体积分数以及温度分布状态及其变化过程,并证明了Y形通风形式能避免采空区瓦斯向工作面涌出.计算中采空区按冒落非均质介质处理,考虑了瓦斯涌出对自燃的耦合作用,给出了这种耦合作用关系和解决办法.Y形通风采煤的自燃,两者存在着顾此失彼的关系.     

基于熵权物元可拓模型的智慧档案馆安全评估

为了评估智慧档案馆的安全状况,预防安全事故发生,通过分析智慧档案馆的安全因素,构建了由8个一级指标、38个二级指标构成的智慧档案馆安全评估指标体系,并将信息熵理论和物元可拓理论有机结合,构建了智慧档案馆安全熵权物元多级可拓评估理论模型。应用该指标体系和理论模型对某档案馆进行了实证研究,得出其安全等级为V级(安全),为该馆针对性地提出了加强安全工作的整改建议。评估结果与实际情况一致,验证了该评估指标体系和评估理论模型的正确性和可靠性。     

双壳类壳体时间序列的建立方法及存在的问题

利用双壳类壳体提取古气候古环境信息是生物碳酸盐研究的热点,而壳体定年一直是研究中的难点。相关研究主要观点是先找到一些时间控制点,再按照线性内插法来确定壳体的时间序列。本文综述了国内外目前双壳类壳体定年的常用方法,根据时间控制点的获得将这些方法归为以下几类:壳体日生长层法、壳体氧同位素法、数字图像技术法和微量元素法,介绍并讨论了每种方法的应用和存在的不足。研究者应该根据具体研究的生物和环境选择适合的方法。     

基于条件高斯模拟的城市灰尘Pb元素的空间分布特征

城市灰尘是分散于城市不同区域的表面固体颗粒物。城市灰尘对城市环境造成的污染越来越多地受到人们的关注,尤其是城市灰尘重金属对城市生存环境造成的危害。本文利用R软件中的Gstat包,对金华市城市地表灰尘中的Pb元素含量进行500次条件高斯模拟,并从中随机抽出3次模拟对其模拟结果进行分析,从模拟结果可以看出研究区Pb元素总体上显示出相似的空间变化趋势,但在细部空间变化上是有差别的。条件高斯模拟法对未知点的模拟值具有不确定性,克服了普通克里格法的平滑效应,能够更好地反映研究区的随机性和结构性。     

European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

Litter decomposition and nitrogen release in a sloping Mediterranean subtropical agroecosystem on the coast of Granada (SE, Spain): Effects of floristic and topographic alteration on the slope

On the coast of Granada (SE, Spain), an economically important area for subtropical fruit cultivation, the crops are grown on orchard terraces. Also, high amounts of fertilizers, often excessive, are used in this type of intensive agriculture. However, each year significant fractions of nutrients taken up by the trees return to the soil by fallen leaves. Using a litter-bag technique, we assessed the decomposition rates and N-release in various types of litter. Our main purpose was to compare two different agroecosystem scenarios: (1) an unaltered slope consisting mainly of a mixture of herbaceous plants (Papaver rhoeas, Convolvulus sp., Malva sylvestris, Reseda phyteuma, Anacyclus sp., Sinapis arvensis, Medicago sp.) among spontaneous perennial woody shrubs (Genista umbellata, Olea europaea, Lavandula officinalis, Phlomis purpurea, Retama sphaerocarpa), and (2) an altered slope cultivated with subtropical trees on terraces: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), and cherimoya (Annona cherimola), with groundcover plantings of aromatic, medicinal, and melliferous plants (AMMPs) on the taluses of the terraces, which are usually used for erosion control: Lavandula dentata, Thymus mastichina, Satureja obovata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides. In the leaves from the subtropical crops, we found the highest decomposition rates in cherimoya and the lowest in mango (1.30 and 0.64 years⁻¹, respectively). Leaves from mango and loquat registered initial peaks of N immobilization and later N-release, which was highest in cherimoya and avocado leaves (71.2 and 56.8% of the initial remaining N). In the spontaneous woody shrubs, O. europaea and G. umbellata were the slowest in decomposing (1.18 and 1.01 years⁻¹, respectively) contrary to L. officinalis, which decomposed fastest (2.22 years⁻¹). Only L. officinalis and P. purpurea registered a net N-release at the end of the study. The AMMPs showed different decomposition patterns: L. dentata registered the highest decomposition rates and Rosmarinus the lowest (1.9 and 1.1 years⁻¹, respectively). T. mastichina, L. dentata, and S. obovata had the highest N-release, whereas R. officinalis and A. cytisoides showed N immobilization (183 and 122% of the initial N). Knowledge of the dynamics of nutrient release and litter decomposition will be useful for predicting nutrient availability and nutrient cycles in these types of agroecosystems where subtropical orchards are grown on terraces.     

Simulated dynamics of carbon stocks driven by changes in land use, management and climate in a tropical moist ecosystem of Ghana

Sub-Saharan Africa is large and diverse with regions of food insecurity and high vulnerability to climate change. This project quantifies carbon stocks and fluxes in the humid forest zone of Ghana, as a part of an assessment in West Africa. The General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS) was used to simulate the responses of natural and managed systems to projected scenarios of changes in climate, land use and cover, and nitrogen fertilization in the Assin district of Ghana. Model inputs included historical land use and cover data, historical climate records and projected climate changes, and national management inventories. Our results show that deforestation for crop production led to a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) by 33% from 1900 to 2000. The results also show that the trend of carbon emissions from cropland in the 20th century will continue through the 21st century and will be increased under the projected warming and drying scenarios. Nitrogen (N) fertilization in agricultural systems could offset SOC loss by 6% with 30 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and by 11% with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. To increase N fertilizer input would be one of the vital adaptive measures to ensure food security and maintain agricultural sustainability through the 21st century.     

基于分形方法确定合肥大兴地区土壤中Cd元素的异常下限

在土壤元素异常下限值的确定对环境地球化学评价具有重要意义,传统异常下限值计算方法仅适用于元素含量数据呈正态分布的情况,而事实上土壤元素含量的空间分布极其复杂,很可能具有多重分形分布特征,元素背景和异常有各自独立的幂指数关系。本文探讨利用分形方法确定典型工业区土壤中Cd元素的异常下限值。基于分形的含量一面积方法确定了合肥大兴地区（典型工业区）土壤中污染元素Cd的异常下限值为0．445mg／kg,并根据该异常下限值圈定了异常范围。同时与传统方法（平均值加两倍标准离差）确定的土壤中Cd元素异常下限值及异常范围进行了对比分析,结果显示,分形方法圈定的异常区域是有效的、合理的,控制了区内主要的导致土壤Cd元素污染的企业。     

长江口及邻近海域水体主元素和锶同位素地球化学

根据2005年6月对长江口及其邻近海域水体的现场调查,分析探讨了长江口水体主元素、Sr及Sr同位素的组成变化。长江河水的Sr含量和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值分别为1.75μmol/L和0.7105,反映出长江流域以碳酸盐岩风化为主的化学风化特征;河口区主元素与盐度的显著正相关关系显示出它们在河水与海水混合过程中的保守特性;87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr的非线性关系则暗示了长江口水体的Sr不是河水与海水的简单混合,可能伴有其他端元水体的混入。